Manman Li

Hainan Institute of Biotechnology, Haikou, 570206, Hainan, China
Author    Correspondence author
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports, 2024, Vol. 14, No. 4   
Received: 29 May, 2024    Accepted: 30 Jun., 2024    Published: 20 Jul., 2024

This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains a significant therapeutic challenge, especially in advanced and metastatic cases. In recent years, PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors have demonstrated significant efficacy in the treatment of metastatic RCC, particularly in combination therapies that have improved patient survival rates and objective response rates. However, the issue of immune resistance remains prominent, hindering the widespread application of these therapies. This study explores the mechanisms behind both primary and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors in RCC, including the immunosuppressive factors within the tumor microenvironment. To address this challenge, the study discusses emerging immunotherapies, such as bispecific antibodies and CAR-T cell therapy, as well as the prospects for personalized immunotherapy. The study summarizes the current clinical challenges and highlights the future potential of optimizing RCC immunotherapy through combination therapies and personalized medicine.

Renal cell carcinoma; Immune checkpoint blockade; Immune resistance; Bispecific antibodies; CAR-T cell therapy