Jianbang Chen

Author    Correspondence author
Journal of Vaccine Research, 2024, Vol. 14, No.   
Received: 01 Jan., 1970    Accepted: 01 Jan., 1970    Published: 11 Oct., 2024

Globally, the variability and antigenic drift of influenza viruses limit the effectiveness of existing seasonal vaccines, making the development of a universal influenza vaccine that offers broad and durable protection increasingly essential. This paper reviews the major strategies for designing antigens for a universal influenza vaccine, with a focus on innovative approaches targeting conserved regions of the influenza virus, such as the hemagglutinin (HA) stem, neuraminidase (NA), and matrix protein 2 (M2). Additionally, the paper explores the roles of chemical synthesis, nanoparticle carriers, and novel adjuvants in enhancing antigen immunogenicity. By analyzing current clinical and preclinical research outcomes, this paper identifies key challenges in antigenic immunodominance, antibody-dependent enhancement, and long-term efficacy and durability. Finally, the paper looks ahead to future research directions and calls for further scientific exploration to achieve the ultimate goal of a universal influenza vaccine.