Nanoparticle Vaccines: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Applications

Jianhui Li

Research Insight

Nanoparticle Vaccines: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Applications

Jianhui Li

Institute of Life Science, Jiyang College of Zhejiang AandF University, Zhuji, 311800, Zhejiang, China

Author

Correspondence author
Journal of Vaccine Research, 2024, Vol. 14, No. 5
Received: 07 Aug., 2024 Accepted: 13 Sep., 2024 Published: 27 Sep., 2024

Abstract

In recent years, nanoparticle vaccines have gained widespread application in combating infectious diseases and cancer immunotherapy, particularly highlighted by the remarkable success of lipid nanoparticle-based mRNA vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the development of nanoparticle vaccines still faces challenges related to manufacturing, stability, and safety. This study analyzes the types of nanoparticle vaccines, their mechanisms of action, and their broad clinical applications. It focuses on the use of lipid, polymer, and inorganic nanoparticles in vaccine development, explaining how they enhance immune responses through antigen presentation, targeted delivery, and adjuvant effects. The study also evaluates the application of nanoparticle vaccines in infectious diseases, cancer, and autoimmune diseases, and reviews the success of nanoparticle-based vaccines in COVID-19. Findings indicate that nanoparticle vaccines not only significantly improve immune responses but also offer controlled release properties and versatile formulation options, making them widely applicable in the fields of infectious diseases and cancer immunotherapy. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms and clinical applications of nanoparticle vaccines will not only aid in the development of more efficient and safer vaccines but also promote the advancement of personalized medicine and universal vaccines. The multifunctionality and design flexibility of nanoparticles provide innovative avenues for the development of new vaccines, addressing the limitations of traditional vaccines in immunogenicity and dosage constraints.

Keywords

Nanoparticle vaccines; Immune activation; Targeted delivery; COVID-19; Vaccine development

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