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Journal of Vaccine Research, 2025, Vol. 15, No. 2
Received: 08 Jan., 2025 Accepted: 20 Feb., 2025 Published: 10 Mar., 2025
Influenza stubbornly resists control. Most years bring seasonal waves; every so often a much larger one arrives, leaving illness and loss in its wake. Traditional vaccines-inactivated or live-attenuated-remain useful, yet their limits are plain: antigenic drift keeps reshaping circulating strains, and manufacturing timelines too often trail the virus. In short, influenza moves faster than we do. mRNA vaccines change the tempo: designs can go from sequence to candidate within weeks, the platform scales readily, and a single construct can encode multiple antigens (HA, NA, even NP) to broaden the target. This review draws together results from animal models and early human studies; taken as a whole, the signal is encouraging-mRNA platforms elicit strong antibody and T-cell responses with reassuring safety. Refinements at the molecule and formulation levels-nucleoside modification, tuned lipid nanoparticles, self-amplifying formats-have further boosted stability and potency, enabling dose-sparing strategies and perhaps longer protection. Unlike conventional approaches, this adaptability also points toward universal or multivalent vaccines that might span several influenza A subtypes and both B lineages. Even so, success at scale will hinge on practicalities: cold-chain handling, streamlined regulation for yearly updates, and, not least, public confidence. If those pieces fall into place, mRNA influenza vaccines could shift from promising alternative to a core tool for seasonal control and pandemic readiness.
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. Yong Zhang
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